In Europe, shareholder approval and pre-emption rights have traditionally fulfilled an important role in protecting shareholders in listed corporations against excessive dilution in share issuances. However, these protections also make it costlier and slower to raise capital through share issuances. That is why countries generally allow shareholders to authorize the board of directors to issue shares without shareholder approval and without pre-emption rights – within certain limits. The protection offered by pre-emption rights and shareholder approval therefore depends on the extent to which shareholders are willing to approve authorizations to issue shares and disapply pre-emption rights.
In a paper recently published in the Journal of Corporate Law Studies, I provide new empirical evidence on the flexibility of such authorizations in practice in French and Belgian listed corporations. Proxy advisors and (associations of) asset managers have adopted guidelines on the maximum size for authorizations – typically 50% of legal capital for authorizations to issue shares with pre-emption rights, and 10% of legal capital for authorizations to issue shares without pre-emption rights (although Glass Lewis is more flexible for Belgium, with thresholds of 100% and 20%, respectively).
Corporate Finance Lab 