This week the (already) third edition of the influential book The Anatomy of Corporate Law was published by Oxford University Press. The book provides the reader with a solid framework to understand corporate law from a comparative perspective. The following key jurisdictions are covered: US, UK, Brazil, Italy, France, Germany, and Japan. The general structure of the previous editions is maintained. The quality of the authors guarantees the quality of the work.
Een post door gastblogger Simon Landuyt
Debt and equity have in common that they are both provided to a company by an investor in return for a claim on its assets. For the creditor, the claim and the repayment date are fixed. On the other hand, the shareholder is a residual claimant. He will, in principle, only receive from the company to the extent the company’s assets exceed its liabilities. As a consequence, the claim of the shareholder is subordinated to the claim of the creditor. Therefore, at least in certain jurisdictions, it often happens that creditors or bankruptcy trustees try to qualify or “recharacterize” a rather vague financial contract of (another) investor into equity once the company gets into difficulties.
Continue reading “You can’t have your cake and eat it too: on debt as equity”
The technique of securitization was at the heart of the financial crisis (for a primer on securitization, read here). Originally a sound instrument to mitigate risk, the standards of the securitization process degraded in the years leading up to the financial crisis, which contributed to excessive credit growth in and outside of the formal banking system (read here). Continue reading “Secutarization and post-crisis financial regulation”
Les biens du débiteur sont le gage commun de ses créanciers, et le prix s’en distribue entre eux par contribution, à moins qu’il n’y ait entre les créanciers des causes légitimes de préférence
Article 8 Belgian Loi Hypothécaire (art. 2093 French Civil Code) contains the basic principle of paritas creditorum. All creditors have an equal right to payment and the proceeds of the debtor’s estate shall be distributed in proportion to the size of their claims. The principle of equality is, however, not absolute. Secured and preferred creditors jump the queue, and are paid before ordinary creditors. The pari passu principle still is a bedrock principle of insolvency law. In reality, however, the rule has gradually become the exception (read about the pari passu myth, here). Ordinary creditors are left with peanuts once secured and preferred creditors are paid. All creditors are equal, but some creditors are more equal than others, indeed. Continue reading “All creditors are equal, but some creditors are more equal than others”
The uneasy dual role of creditor and shareholder
A previous post mentioned the rudimentary rule on distributions in the ‘partnership en commandite’ (limited liability partnership) in article 206 of the Belgian Company Code (‘BCC’), dating back to 1873:
“Third parties can force [the limited partner] to return any interest or dividends distributed to him, if such distributions are not taken from the non-fictitious profits of the partnership. The unlimited partner has recourse against the manager for any distributions he had to return, in case of fraud, bad faith or serious negligence by the manager.”
Today we discuss how one word in this antique (yet inspiring) rule foreshadows a topical subject: Continue reading “‘You can’t dance at two weddings with one behind’ (Yiddish proverb)”
“L’homme moderne est dans bien des cas plus enclin à la dépense que ne l’étaient ses ancêtres” (F. H. Speth, La divisibilité du patrimoine et l’entreprise d’une personne, Parijs, L.G.D.J., 1958, 10)
Our society is credit driven. Consumers and companies borrow against future earnings to finance actual spending. Banks borrow for a living. The Government borrows to pay for social peace, pushing the bill towards future generations. Money for nothing only exists in pop songs. Credit eventually has to be paid by somebody, be it the debtor or society as a whole.
The International Monetary Fund recently publised a report on the proliferation of private sector debt. Continue reading “Debt: use it wisely”
Banking in a Brave New World
Financial institutions, insurers, investors, and their legal counsel need to substantially adapt their way of thinking and operating in a negative interest rate environment
See post (Stibbe) here.
In case of an irregular distribution a shareholder – even in good faith – is less deserving of protection than a creditor
A previous post had a look at the ancient partnership en commandite as a treasure-trove for company law reform. This post explores what we can learn from the ‘partnership en commandite’ for the regulation of distributions to shareholders. Continue reading “Distributions to shareholders: inspiration from the ‘partnership en commandite’?”
Lessons from an ancient experiment with light vehicles: on moral hazard, agency problems, publicity systems and the unsavoury regions of Flanders
The limited partnership or “partnership en commandite” (commenda, société en commandite, Kommanditgesellschaft) has been a fixture of continental business law since the 12th century. It is an entity with one or more unlimited partners and one or more limited partners. For a long time, the limited partnership was the only form offering limited liability off-the-shelf, without the need for a specific governmental authorization. In many jurisdictions the “partnership en commandite” still enjoys a quiet popularity. Continue reading “Our own private Delaware: the ‘partnership en commandite’”
Een economie draait in belangrijke mate op krediet. Kredieten worden verleend om consumptiegoederen aan te kopen of om investeringen te financieren. Om de kost van de kredietverlening (ook voor de kredietgever) te drukken, kan de ontlener een zekerheid verschaffen. Indien de ontlener vervolgens insolvent wordt, heeft de lener een recht van voorrang op de andere schuldeisers (art. 8 B.W.). De overige schuldeisers moeten zich behelpen met wat rest van het vermogen van de schuldenaar. Zij dragen, per slot van rekening, de last van de zekerheid. Continue reading “Zakelijke zekerheden op roerende goederen: de UNCITRAL-modelwet”
‘Hoe het faillissementsrecht zich tegen schuldeisers dreigt te keren’
Het insolventierecht strekt tot bescherming van de schuldeisers. De race tegen de klok om als eerste toegang te krijgen tot het vermogen van de schuldenaar wordt stopgezet en alle schuldeisers worden in een collectief keurslijf gedwongen. Dit keurslijf strekt tot bescherming van het gemeenschappelijk belang van de schuldeisers. De (meer)waarde van de schuldenaar blijft zo behouden, zij het in continuïteit dan wel in discontinuïteit.
Onderbelicht in dit verhaal is de positie van de aandeelhouder. Continue reading “De Aandeelhouder als Vrijbuiter in het Insolventierecht”
Corporate Finance Lab 